Electoral Process in Nigeria - 3559 Words

Elections in Nigeria are nothing but dramatised rituals that seek to legitimate the power structure of the ruling class By NGOVE, PETER PEVER Being an M. Sc seminar presentation in the department of Political Science, Benue State University, Makurdi. ABSTRACT The concept of election has been defined in this work as the process by which the people choose their leaders. Nigeria’s democratic experience has been faced with the question of credibility of our electoral process and elections. In other words, our elections have been challenged as not been free and fair. This has posed serious legitimacy question for our leaders .This paper has briefly assessed elections in Nigeria with particular emphasis on the recent ones(i.e†¦show more content†¦This definition places the people in a central position in deciding who governs and it goes to suggest that election is very crucial in all democratic settings and its survival. 1.2 Functions of Elections in Democracy and Conditions for functional elections The primary function of election as rightly observed by Olaitan in Onu (2005, p.44) is to enable the realisation of the classical requirement of involving everybody in governance under democracy. Put differently, it is only through election that the main requirement of modern democracy, which states that ‘the power of governance be vested in and derived from the people could be realised. An Internet source, webcache.googleusercontent.com (2010) identifies three important functions of election in a democracy, as well as the conditions required to be satisfied for election to contribute positively to the making and sustenance of democracy. These include: 1) Supplying legitimacy (i.e. acceptance of the right of public officials to hold office and to promulgate policies because of the means by which they were chosen). 2) Solving Principal – Agent problems 3) Ensuring governmental responsiveness. Elaborating on the functions, the source provides that, for legitimacy to be ensured, the following conditions are necessary: i) Acceptance ofShow MoreRelatedThe History And Downfalls Of Nigeria Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pages Nigeria has been a democracy since 1999 when the military handed over government power to elected officials. Since then, the countries electoral system has experienced many upsets and downfalls. 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The poor electoral processes have snowballed into a legitimacy crisis in Nigeria and full- fledged riots in Russia and Iran; though the authorities were able to repress these public demonstrationsRead MoreNigeria And Keny Corruption Essay1546 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the last 10 years, Nigeria and Kenya have been partly free. Corruption is the greatest indicator among both for the lack of democracy. In Nigeria, corruption stems from the problem with oil, it leads to political violence, repression and unchecked government power. In Kenya, corruption arises from economic interests, causing political instability and hindering development. In addition to that, both experience electoral corruption. Conversely, civil societies active participation in theRead MoreCorruption In Nigeria Essay examples1156 Words   |  5 Pagesis prevalent in the Niger delta region of Nigeria; public officers in this oil producing state of Nigeria are corrupt. 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He listed conditionsRead MoreAp Comparative Government Summer Assignment1107 Words   |  5 Pagesof law is necessary. 10. Common sources of authoritarian breakdown include poor economic performance and leadership struggles. 11. Democracy from above (â€Å"top-down† democratization): Electoral competition and political freedoms introduced by the current rulers, sometimes gradually, like Mexico in the 1990s. This process involves elaborate negotiation between rulers and political opponents. 12. Democracy from below (â€Å"bottom-up† democratization): In some countries, democratic reforms have been pressedRead MoreEssay about elections and democracy1559 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ousted of Egyptian Hosni Mubarak and the killing of Muamar Gaddafi after a six-month war between the Gaddafi loyalists and the anti-Gadhafi fighters assisted by NATO. However, while this was taking place, other countries like Zambia, Congo DR, Nigeria, Liberia were also exercising their obligation of having other leaders not by violence but by the ballot. The countries which fought hard to remove long-rule-leaders wanted to just as other countries have the freedom to choose their leaders in anRead MoreComparison of Mexico and Nigeria Essay1933 Words   |  8 PagesUniversity The Adventure to Democracy In the midst of the prevalence of democratic transitions, a number of developing countries are seeking to achieve the successful consolidation of civil order in modern days. Among those participants, Mexico and Nigeria has been spotlighted for the completely contrastive endings at the end of their long-adventures towards democratization since their independence; Mexico, from its independence, has maintained the political stability despite the authoritarian single-partyRead MoreTHE POWER OF YOUR VOTE:A CATALYST FOR A STABLE AND UNITED NIGERIA900 Words   |  4 PagesTHE POWER OF YOUR VOTE:A CATALYST FOR A STABLE AND UNITED NIGERIA Everyone is familiar with the term voting. Many people have different meanings and perspectives of voting. Some might put it as the power of your voice,others that it is the ability to choose a good leader,and so many other ideas. For me as a person, I believe it is the access to chose a leader who you believe will lift,move and facilitate growth and create better societyRead MorePolitical Corruption And Its Effect On Society Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition, corruption is the â€Å"dishonest or illegal behavior especially by powerful people† (Dictionary). In this paper, I will be focusing on political corruption and the conditions in which it is more likely to be severe. Also, I will be using Nigeria as a case study to show the effect of political corruption and discuss possible anti-corruption campaign that have been used and would discuss how effective or ineffective they’ve been. Sheriff Folarin in his article defined Political

Early Childhood Obervations in a Daycare Fascility

During the first part of the semester in Human Development Family Studies 102 we have been discussing vital information about all stages of life from womb to tomb and all parts of life in between. One of the most important stages in one’s life is early childhood when he or she is developing into the person that they will be when they enter the tomb so to speak. For this particular study I was sent to go observe the Palmer day care center located on Iowa State’s University to be able to see first hand the stages in life that different age groups are in, weather it’s the child’s physical, emotional, cognitive, language, or social developments that are lacking for the child’s age of above par for the child’s age. In the paper to come I will be describing my observations for two different age groups. The two groups that I observed were the infant program and the three to five-year-old room. The stages of life those two simple years can do for a y oung child is quite remarkable. From going to barely walking and or talking to running around and screaming asking questions and playing with the teacher. 2. The first group that I observed was the infant room where the children that were in this room were just starting to gain their physical development. For starters one may ask what physical development is. According to McGraw-Hill â€Å"all senses and body systems operate at birth to a varying degrees. The brain grows in complexity and is highly sensitive to environmental influence,

Role of Emissions in Climate Change Policy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Role of Emissions in Climate Change Policy. Answer: Introduction Currently, there are no universally accepted standards of accounting for emission allowances in organizations. There is no accepted method of measuring and recognizing emission allowances and this has created a misunderstanding on the standards for accounting for this item in the financial report. However, this has not prevented organizations from trading and developing carbon markets. Many countries especially in Europe, South Korea, and Australia have made significant steps in trying to set uniform emission allowance measurement standards for companies in their countries (Skjrseth Eikeland, 2013). The definitions given by the Global accounting standards body indicates that carbon allowances should be treated as assets since they are resource being controlled by the organization and they have economic value. A proposal for revision on the regulation of financial instrumentsrecognizes emissions as part of an organizations instruments of finance.(Fusaro James, 2013). When it comes t o accounting, allowances from emissions are not treated as financial instruments.. The report discusses the emission allowances and provides justification for the discussions that follows. The report evaluates the measurement of emission allowances and the journal entries for this transaction are entered to illustrate how the instruments are accounted for. The final section of the report discusses the consequences of allowances issued on emissions on the financial statements which includes the balance sheet, income statement and the statement of cash flow. The first reason European Commission has established that classification of the emission allowances for accounting reasons depends on the criteria set by recognized accounting standards body only(Perkins, 2011). Since no accounting standards body has been able to put in place strategies to account for the emission allowances in financial reports. The U.S GAAP has established uniform systems of accounting which provides guidance to companies to account for emission allowance. It provides that emission allowances should be reported at historical cost and are classified as inventory in the balance sheet. Allowances that are being bought are recorded at the buying price while those received from EPA are recorded at zero price. Weighted average cost method is recommended and the calculations should be done on a monthly. The financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) works hand in hand International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to solve the issue of accounting for carbon emission schemes (Antes, Hansju?rgens, Letmathe, 2006). In USA certain companies mostly in the power and energy industries which are viewed as contributing greatly to pollution are needed to engage in established programs on emissions. The absence of a clearly defined strategy and methods for measuring the emission credits has resulted to the rise of the following practices in various industries; renewable energy certificates, emission offsets and credit on emissions. Accounting for emission credits or allowances In a survey conducted in USA for publicly registered companies with yearly revenues of between $1.1 billion and $100 billion between Jan 2009 and September 2009(Taticchi,Carbone Albino, 2013). Of all the companies registered in this program, more than 29 companies indicated that they had an accounting policy related to emission credits. One of the models used in accounting for carbon emission allowances is intangible assets accounting model. The companys measure emission credits and allowances issued to them and bought in the market by comparing with the cost of emissions. If a company is therefore issued with emission credits, it has a nominal zero cost. When a company buys carbon credits, it has costs associated with them which are the buying price of the carbon credits (Watchman, 2008). Under this technique, it is possible to value emission credits that have been issued at a fair value immediately they are received. Emission credits are subject to impairment under the intangible assets model impairment model and the assets that are fixed model to the point of amortization of the carbon credits (Newell, Boykoff Boyd, 2012). The carbon credits can also be accounted for under the inventory model. Under this model, the emission credits are measured using the weighted-average cost. Emission credits issued by relevant bodies in charge of carbon credits have zero costs attached to them. Weighted average cost of carbon emissions for a particularly period of time is valued by estimating the cost of fuel. Under this model, the emission allowances are ranked as inventory in a companys balance sheet and in the cash flow statements, they are classified as operating activities. The emission credits are also accounted as liability and gain recognition. In this, a company does nor recognize the obligation to deliver carbon credits to concerned bodies until the real level of carbon emissions for a particular period is more than the credit recorded on the balance sheet. A gain is usually recognized in the period in which the credits have been sold. Some companies however defers the income if the emissions were given for a future vintage year and they happen to be sold in the current year (Chen, Liu Hua, 2013). The gain in this case is considered as not realized since the company may fail to cover its emissions in the future vintage year due to the credits sold in the previous year. In accounting vintage year changes, all emissions have years of vintage allocated to them. Allowances that have not be used are transferred to future years. This practice is common because government agencies I charge of issuing emission allowances issue for many years simultaneously and hence need to exchange allowances between the years. Examples of emission allowance journal entries using various methods Details Debit Credit Allowances 10 Income differed 10 If a company receives 1000 tonnes of emission allowances, then the total value of emission allowance is (100010) =$10,000. This amount will be credited as income as emissions allowance. If the government offers companies in an industry a grant of 3.5 tonnes. It will be recorded as follows; Details Debit Credit Deferred earning in form of gov grant 2.5 Income Statement 2.5 The company recognizes income from the government grant that is equal to the cost of emissions and hence (2.51.2) Details Debit Credit Record on income statement (expense) 4 Liability due to emission 4 The company recognizes responsibility for emission and credits it on the income statement. Settling of obligation Details Debit Credit liability on emissions 20 Emission allowance 20 Settlement of the liability due to carbon pollution and delivery of allowances during the financial period indicated Accounting using the revaluation model Details Debit credit Issued allowances 20 Differed income from sale of allowance 20 End of 2014 year with a price of $14 Details Debit Credit Allowances 2 Equity (revaluation surplus) 2 If a company recognizes increase in the value of emission allowances it has by1,000 and the price per ton has increased to $14 from $12 then:` Details Debit Credit Transferred income 2.5 Record on statement of income 2.5 The company should recognize as income the government grant when the cost of emissions is calculated and it exceeds the grant (Brebbia, Longhurst Popov, 2011). Details Debit Credit Expense emissions 6 Emission burden(liability) 6 The company recognizes the burden for emission (4,000 ton /4 x 1= 1000 ton x 12 =12000). The burden on emission in this case is calculated at fair value. Consequences of emission allowances on financial statements The recording of emission allowances affects financial statement in various ways. The first reason why they affect financial statements is that they may bring a new aspect in the recording of financial information. The following is an evaluation of the consequences of emission allowances on specific financial records: Currently held emission allowances should be recorded as assets on the balance sheet. This is because a company expects to derive future benefits from holding an allowance since it will enable the company to produce high amount of GHG in the production of goods and services (Bostan, 2009). Furthermore, a company may decide to sell the allowance and generate cash which is an asset for the business. A purchase of emission allowance by a company should be recorded as an allowance asset. It increases the allowance asset and reduces the cash asset on the balance sheet. If it is on credit, it increases accounts payable. When a company uses the emission allowance by emitting the quantity of emission authorized, the allowance asset should be decreased to indicate a reduction in an asset. A corresponding allowance expense should be recorded to decrease net income in the income statement of the company. This is listed as the cost of pollution in most income statements of companies. Companies should make adjustments at the end of the year to the carrying value allowance asset accounts to bring it to the market value. Increase in price in the market, the Allowance asset account should be increased by the change in price(Daniel Lieberman, 2010).The equity account named Unrealized gain on Allowances of the company should also be increased by same amount (Bonham Ernst Young. 2008). When a company emits more carbon than its current allowance held. It should be recorded as an accrued expense which is a liability for the business. The company will then need to pay a fine or purchase additional carbon credits. Conclusion The report evaluates and describes the subject of emissions allowances. Emissions allowances is becoming popular means of ensuring environmental sustainability through the counting of carbon foot prints which can then be sold to other producers. This report evaluates the accounting methods used to account for emissions among various companies in different countries. There are no universally accepted standards on accounting for emission allowances and therefore the standards and accounting practices in this regard. Some of the common and most popular methods used by companies vary from country and a company has a choice on which accounting methods to use in this regard. One of the models used in accounting for carbon emission allowances is intangible assets accounting model. The companys measure emission credits and allowances issued to them and acquired in the market at cost and this cost is assumed to be the value of the emissions for that accounting period. The report analyzes the journal entries resulting from accounting for emissions and uses examples to illustrate how the item is recorded in the financial statement. The consequences of the emission allowances on the financial records is that they increase the emissions allowance account when they are bought and in turn decrease the cash account or accounts receivables. If emissions by a company exceed the emission allowance that a company holds, it will record it as emission allowance payable. This is a liability for the company and needs to be paid at a future date. References Antes, R., Hansju?rgens, B., Letmathe, P. (2006). Emissions trading and business. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. Burritt, R. (2011). Environmental management accounting and supply chain management. Dordrecht: Springer. Bonham, M., Ernst Young. (2008). International GAAP 2008: Generally accepted accounting practice under International financial reporting standards. Chichester, West Sussex, England: J. Wiley Sons. Bostan, I. (2009). Consideration Concerning Finanacial Statement in the Context Globalization. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1324954 Daniel Lieberman, M. (2010). Accounting for Climate Change. Springer Netherlands. Fusaro, P. C., James, T. (2013). Energy and emissions markets: Collision or convergence. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. International Conference on Modelling, Monitoring and Management of Air Pollution, Brebbia, C. A., Longhurst, J. W. S., Popov, V. (2011). Air pollution XIX. Southampton, UK: WIT Press. International Conference on Low-carbon Transportation and Logistics, and Green Buildings, Chen, F., Liu, Y., Hua, G. (2013). LTLGB 2012: Proceedings of International Conference on Low-carbon Transportation and Logistics, Green Buildings, Beijing, China, October 12-13, 2012. Berlin: Springer. Jones, S., Ratnatunga, J. (2012). Contemporary issues in sustainability accounting, assurance and reporting. Bingley: Emerald Group Pub. Newell, P., Boykoff, M., Boyd, E. (2012). The New Carbon Economy: Constitution, Governance and Contestation. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Perkins, H. (2011). The Role of Emissions in Climate Change Policy. Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Skjrseth, J. B., Eikeland, P. O. (2013). Governing European industry by emissions trading: Resistance, innovation or responsibility?. Farnham: Ashgate. Taticchi, P., Carbone, P., Albino, V. (2013). Corporate sustainability. Berlin: Springer Veith, S. (2010). The EU emission trading scheme: Aspects of statehood, regulation, and accouting. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Watchman, P. (2008). Climate change. London: Globe Law and Business.

Slim and George in chapter 3 of Of Mice and Men Essay Example

Slim and George in chapter 3 of Of Mice and Men Paper We discover about Slim’s many qualities such as his ability to bring out the secrets of others from them. This is shown in Chapter Three in which he questions George about him and Lennie going around together. Slim’s cunningness is shown not through the dialogue but through the description such as â€Å"Slims’ calm invitation to confidence† which reveals to us that he made George comfortable. The writer shows that this is what leads George to continue talking. The reason why Slim wants to find out more about George and Lennie’s relationship is that he finds it odd that two people are going to places together. Slim knows that George wants to talk and after he begins, he knows that he can be â€Å"receptive† which is why he believes that he does not need to encourage George into saying more. The writer reveals Slim’s intelligence in this scene and his superiority in the sense that he was able to bring out the past of George. This becomes useful in the next scene with Candy’s Dog and how he is key to the decision in the end. Slim’s qualities of being attentive and a good listener are further emphasised through the words â€Å"Godlike†Ã¢â‚¬  and the repetition of the words â€Å"calmly†. We also find out about George in this section and his past. We will write a custom essay sample on Slim and George in chapter 3 of Of Mice and Men specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Slim and George in chapter 3 of Of Mice and Men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Slim and George in chapter 3 of Of Mice and Men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The fact that he used to bully Lennie by making him do random things for entertainment shows how he is not perfect either although he does regret his past. George answers â€Å"defensively† when Slim asks him about his relationship with Lennie. He believes that there is nothing wrong with this although he does know it is not that common. However, he then begins to reveal the past. The same characteristic of him is again shown when Candy asks them about the land that they want to buy. George begins by talking defensively but then eventually begins to reveal more about the piece of land. George â€Å"wanting to talk† to Slim about the past shows how he wanted to share his past and concerns with others rather than be lonely as he could not tell anyone about Lennie and the girl in Weed. This also reflects the reason for which he goes to places with Lennie which is they get lonely and they become sad. George says this to Slim â€Å". guys that go around ranches. That ain’t no good†. Although the reader first feels that Lennie needs George to look after him, we find out here that George needs Lennie for company. Lennie’s past with a women in Weed is a foreshadow what will happen in the end. The writer brings this story here to tell us the reason for which George and Lennie moved ranches and also to warn the reader of what is to come. This is then developed on with the attack on Curley, the puppy dying and then finally Curley’s wife’s death. The atmosphere in this scene is very significant in setting the mood for the conversation. Firstly, we are told about â€Å"the evening brightness† outside and the â€Å"dusk† inside which represent the happy relationship we seem to see between George and Lennie and how it never used to be like this before with the â€Å"dusk† inside. The dusk setting also shows that the coming up scene is negative. The pool of light also focuses on the two characters giving importance to them in the scene. This is used to focus the scene more on George as he becomes the one that talks more. Slim â€Å"moved back slightly so that the light was not on his face†. This was also used to show that he did not want George to see his facial expression during the question as he did not want to give away his intention for asking. Jeya Packiarajah 11X Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section. Download this essay Print Save Not the one?